UNIT 4. LIVING THINGS (NATURAL SCIENCE)

UNIT 4 – LIVING THINGS

A CLOSER LOOK AT LIVING THINGS

            All living things are made up of cells. In multicelular organisms, cells that have the same function form a tissue. Groups of tissue form organs (for example, the heart) and groups of organs form systems (for example, the circulatory system). All the systems form the organism.

           

·         Cell structure

-          The parts of an animal cell are: Nnucleus, Vacuole, Cytoplasm,  and Cell membrane.

-          The parts of a plant cell: Nucleus, Vacuole, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Chloroplast and Cell wall.

·        Type of animal tissue

There are different types of tissue: nerve tissue, epitelial tissue, muscle tissue and connective tissues (bone, blood and loose connective tissue).

·        Some organs and systems in mammals

THE MONERA, PROTIST AND FUNGUS KINGDOMS

·        The Monera Kingdom

-          Unicellular organisms

-          They are prokaryotic ( no separate nucleus)

-          They have asexual reproduction.

-          They are in all the environments.

-          The largest group in the Monera kingdom is Bacteria.

-          Bacteria produce illnesses but they are also used in the process of fermentation and desconmposition.

·        The Protist Kingdom

-          Organisms in this kingdom can be unicelular or multicelular.

-          They are eukaryotic (nucleus with genetic material).

-          Prostists are usually in water or damp  environments.

-          Some protists have chlorophyll and produce their food through photosynthesis. Other absorb food from the environment.

-          Some of them have tails or feelers to move around.

-          Some examples of Protist kingdom are Algae and amoebae.

·        The Fungus kingdom

Fungi are found in all the environments.

-          They are eukaryotic.

-          Some are unicelular and others are multicelular.

-          Fungi absorb food from the environment and many are parasitic because live on their hosts.

-          They reproduce by spores.

-          Some can be eaten (mushroom, for example) and others, like yeast, are used to make bread.

-          Fungi help with descomposition.

THE PLANT AND ANIMAL KINGDOMS

All organisms in plant and animal kingdoms are multicelular and eukaryotic, but they have some differences:

·        The plant kingdom:

-          Plants produce their own food using the energy from the Sun in a process called Photosynthesis.

-          Plants don´t move but they react to stimuli like water or light.

-          Flowering plants have sexual reproduction using sedes. There are two types: Angiosperms (produce seeds in fruit) and Gymnosperms (produce sedes in cones).

-          Non-flowering plants include ferns and mosses and they have asexual reproduction through spores.

·        The animal kingdom:

-          They feed off other living things.

-          Most animals can move and interact with the environment.

-          Invertebrate animals haven´t got internal skeleton. They include: insects, worms, jellyfish, snails and starfish.

-          Vertebrates have internal skeleton. They include fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals.