UNIT 3. REPRODUCTION (NATURAL SCIENCE)

UNIT 3 – REPRODUCTION

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

·         Sexual characteristics

Sexual characteristics are physical diferences between men and women.  Primary sexual characteristics are the differences between male and female reproductive organs.  Secondary sexual characteristics are other differences like men have more hair or women have wider hips.

·         The female reproductive organs

-          Ovaries: produce reproductive cells called ova.  One ovum matures each month.

-          Fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus.

-          The uterus is an organ with muscular walls. Babies develop here. The part of the uterus that is connected to the vagina is called cervix.

-          The vagina is a muscular organ that connects the uterus with the exterior. The vulva covers the opening vagina.

·         Puberty in girls

Changes in girls happen during th puberty (between 10 and 16 years old): breasts develop, pubic hair grows, they grow and menstruation starts.

·         The menstrual cycle

Ovaries starts to release ova. An ovum is released from the ovaries to the fallopian tubes about every 28 days, this is ovulation.  The walls of the uterus get thicker with extra blood and tissue to prepare it for fertilisation. When fertilisation doesn´t happen the ovum dries and levaes the body with blood, this is menstruation. It lasts about 3 -5 days. About 50 women don´t produce more ova and menopause starts.

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

·         Sperm

The male reproductive system  produces sperm.  It has an oval shape and a tail that allows them to move up the fallopian tubes and fertilise the ovum.

·         The male reproductive organs

The testicles produce and store sperm. They are covered by  a bag of skin called scrotum and it regulates  the temperature of the testicles. They need to be a Little bit cooler than the rest of the body.

Sperm travels through two tubes called vasa deferentia to the seminal vesicles.  They produce a liquid that forms part of the semen.  The prostate produces a liquid that also forms part of the semen.

The penis contains the urethra. The semens travels through the urethra to the outside of the body. The urethra also expels urine.

·    Puberty in boys

During th epuberty testicles activate and produce testosterone, whihc produces difeerent physical changes: penis get larger and thicker and boys become fertile, pubic hair grows, boys grow and become heavier, the voice changes, etc.

·    Genes

Parents pass their characteristics to their offspring thorugh genes.

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

             Human reproduction involves two cells: a female ovum and a male sperm.  It has different steps:

1.  Felisitation happens when the ovum is realised into the fallopian tubes. The man´s penis is inserted into the woman´s vagina and the sperm is expelled there.  One sperm fertilised one ovum. The fertilised ovum is called zygote.

2.  Development of the embryo. After fertilisation the zygote travels to the uterus where its divides and becomes an embryo. It fixes onto the walls of the uterus where it will continue to grow.

3.  Development of the foetus. Afert about nine months, all the organs are formed and the embryo transforms into a foetus. It is floating in a sac of amiotic fluid. The foetus recives nutrients and oxygen through the placenta. Waste products and carbón dioxide are also transmited to the mother through the placenta and it is connected to the baby by the umbilical cord.

4.  Birth. Preganancy lasts about 280 days. When the foetus is ready to be born it pushes against the cérvix, whihc starts to open and widen.  The amniotic fluid is expeled and the uterus starts to contract. The cérvix opens until the baby can pass. The baby pushed against the cérvix with the head. When the baby is born the umbilical cord is cut and th scar is our navel. The placenta is expeled too after the baby.

UNIT 3. GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE (SOCIAL SCIENCE)

UNIT 3. GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THEIR CAPITALS

Europe has about 50 countries and its population is about 730 million people.

·         Distribution of population

Most people live in Central and Western Europe. About 75% of the population kive in urbana reas. Norway, Sweden and Finland are the least populated countries. The most populated countries are Rusia, UK, Turkey, Germany, Spain, Italy and France.

THE PHYSCAL GEOGRPHY OF EUROPE

·         Mountains and plains

Most of the mountains are in the South. In the north and the east have more areas of plains and lowlands. The three main areas are:

-          The European Plain: it goes from the west (Atlantic ocean) to the east (the Ural Mountains).

-          Old mountains: they are in the north and in the centre and they are usually less than 1000 metres high. Pyrenees and Scandinavian Mountains are higher.

-          Young mountains: they are in the south and they are more then 3000 metres high, for example, the Apennines, the Alps, the Carpathians, the Balkan Mountains and the Caucasus Mountains.

RIVERS

Europe has many rivers and their characteristics depend on the sea or ocean they flow into.

-          Rivers that flows inot the Artic Ocean are long with a regular course. In Winter they are usually frozen.

-          Rivers that flow into the Mediterranean Sea are short with an irregular flow.

-          Rivers that flow into the Caspian Sea and Black Sea are long and regular.

There are many lakes in  Central Europe, for example, Lake Geneva and Lake Constance.

CLIMATE IN EUROPE

CLIMATE	CHARACTERISTICS	FLORA	FAUNA
ALPINE	Very cold winters and cool summers. It rains a lot and usually it is snow.	Forests full of coniferous trees and pine trees.
CONTINENTAL	Eestern Europe has this climate. Cold winters and hot summers. Low rainfall with some storms in summer.	Steppes and taiga.
MEDITERRANEAN	In the Mediterranean coast and part ofSouthern Europe. High temperatures in summer and cooler in Winter. Low precipitation although in autumn it can be higher.	Mediterranean forests with evergreen trees.
OCEANIC	In Central and Western Europe. Mild summer temperatures with high precipitation all year. It has 4 clear seasons.	Broadleaf forests.
POLAR	It is the coldest climate with temperatures of -50 degrees in Winter.  For example, in the North of Scandinavia.	Flora is limited by low temperatures	Polar bears and pacific salmon

UNIT 3. GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE (SOCIAL SCIENCE)

UNIT 3. GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THEIR CAPITALS

Europe has about 50 countries and its population is about 730 million people.

·         Distribution of population

Most people live in Central and Western Europe. About 75% of the population kive in urbana reas. Norway, Sweden and Finland are the least populated countries. The most populated countries are Rusia, UK, Turkey, Germany, Spain, Italy and France.

THE PHYSCAL GEOGRPHY OF EUROPE

·         Mountains and plains

Most of the mountains are in the South. In the north and the east have more areas of plains and lowlands. The three main areas are:

-          The European Plain: it goes from the west (Atlantic ocean) to the east (the Ural Mountains).

-          Old mountains: they are in the north and in the centre and they are usually less than 1000 metres high. Pyrenees and Scandinavian Mountains are higher.

-          Young mountains: they are in the south and they are more then 3000 metres high, for example, the Apennines, the Alps, the Carpathians, the Balkan Mountains and the Caucasus Mountains.

RIVERS

Europe has many rivers and their characteristics depend on the sea or ocean they flow into.

-          Rivers that flows inot the Artic Ocean are long with a regular course. In Winter they are usually frozen.

-          Rivers that flow into the Mediterranean Sea are short with an irregular flow.

-          Rivers that flow into the Caspian Sea and Black Sea are long and regular.

There are many lakes in  Central Europe, for example, Lake Geneva and Lake Constance.

CLIMATE IN EUROPE

CLIMATE	CHARACTERISTICS	FLORA	FAUNA
ALPINE	Very cold winters and cool summers. It rains a lot and usually it is snow.	Forests full of coniferous trees and pine trees.
CONTINENTAL	Eestern Europe has this climate. Cold winters and hot summers. Low rainfall with some storms in summer.	Steppes and taiga.
MEDITERRANEAN	In the Mediterranean coast and part ofSouthern Europe. High temperatures in summer and cooler in Winter. Low precipitation although in autumn it can be higher.	Mediterranean forests with evergreen trees.
OCEANIC	In Central and Western Europe. Mild summer temperatures with high precipitation all year. It has 4 clear seasons.	Broadleaf forests.
POLAR	It is the coldest climate with temperatures of -50 degrees in Winter.  For example, in the North of Scandinavia.	Flora is limited by low temperatures	Polar bears and pacific salmon